Distributed training with TensorFlow

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Overview

tf.distribute.Strategy is a TensorFlow API to distribute training across multiple GPUs, multiple machines, or TPUs. Using this API, you can distribute your existing models and training code with minimal code changes.

tf.distribute.Strategy has been designed with these key goals in mind:

  • Easy to use and support multiple user segments, including researchers, machine learning engineers, etc.
  • Provide good performance out of the box.
  • Easy switching between strategies.

You can distribute training using tf.distribute.Strategy with a high-level API like Keras Model.fit, as well as custom training loops (and, in general, any computation using TensorFlow).

In TensorFlow 2.x, you can execute your programs eagerly, or in a graph using tf.function. tf.distribute.Strategy intends to support both these modes of execution, but works best with tf.function. Eager mode is only recommended for debugging purposes and not supported for tf.distribute.TPUStrategy. Although training is the focus of this guide, this API can also be used for distributing evaluation and prediction on different platforms.

You can use tf.distribute.Strategy with very few changes to your code, because the underlying components of TensorFlow have been changed to become strategy-aware. This includes variables, layers, models, optimizers, metrics, summaries, and checkpoints.

In this guide, you will learn about various types of strategies and how you can use them in different situations. To learn how to debug performance issues, check out the Optimize TensorFlow GPU performance guide.

Set up TensorFlow

import tensorflow as tf

2024-07-19 02:37:20.035597: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_fft.cc:485] Unable to register cuFFT factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuFFT when one has already been registered
2024-07-19 02:37:20.056573: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_dnn.cc:8454] Unable to register cuDNN factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuDNN when one has already been registered
2024-07-19 02:37:20.062960: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_blas.cc:1452] Unable to register cuBLAS factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuBLAS when one has already been registered

Types of strategies

tf.distribute.Strategy intends to cover a number of use cases along different axes. Some of these combinations are currently supported and others will be added in the future. Some of these axes are:

  • Synchronous vs asynchronous training: These are two common ways of distributing training with data parallelism. In sync training, all workers train over different slices of input data in sync, and aggregating gradients at each step. In async training, all workers are independently training over the input data and updating variables asynchronously. Typically sync training is supported via all-reduce and async through parameter server architecture.
  • Hardware platform: You may want to scale your training onto multiple GPUs on one machine, or multiple machines in a network (with 0 or more GPUs each), or on Cloud TPUs.

In order to support these use cases, TensorFlow has MirroredStrategy, TPUStrategy, MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy, ParameterServerStrategy, CentralStorageStrategy, as well as other strategies available. The next section explains which of these are supported in which scenarios in TensorFlow. Here is a quick overview:

Training API MirroredStrategy TPUStrategy MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy CentralStorageStrategy ParameterServerStrategy
Keras Model.fit Supported Supported Supported Experimental support Experimental support
Custom training loop Supported Supported Supported Experimental support Experimental support
Estimator API Limited Support Not supported Limited Support Limited Support Limited Support

MirroredStrategy

tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy supports synchronous distributed training on multiple GPUs on one machine. It creates one replica per GPU device. Each variable in the model is mirrored across all the replicas. Together, these variables form a single conceptual variable called MirroredVariable. These variables are kept in sync with each other by applying identical updates.

Efficient all-reduce algorithms are used to communicate the variable updates across the devices. All-reduce aggregates tensors across all the devices by adding them up, and makes them available on each device. It’s a fused algorithm that is very efficient and can reduce the overhead of synchronization significantly. There are many all-reduce algorithms and implementations available, depending on the type of communication available between devices. By default, it uses the NVIDIA Collective Communication Library (NCCL) as the all-reduce implementation. You can choose from a few other options or write your own.

Here is the simplest way of creating MirroredStrategy:

mirrored_strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:2', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:3')
WARNING: All log messages before absl::InitializeLog() is called are written to STDERR
I0000 00:00:1721356642.657353  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.661130  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.664453  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.667694  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.678867  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.682371  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.685198  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.688116  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.691081  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.694438  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.697439  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356642.700370  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.939825  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.941902  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.943946  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.946041  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.948116  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.950046  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.951993  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.953949  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.955925  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.957811  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.959810  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356643.961790  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.000054  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.002033  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.004033  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.006043  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.008046  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.009959  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.011912  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.013867  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.015890  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.018340  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.020704  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
I0000 00:00:1721356644.023046  119446 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355

This will create a MirroredStrategy instance, which will use all the GPUs that are visible to TensorFlow, and NCCL—as the cross-device communication.

If you wish to use only some of the GPUs on your machine, you can do so like this:

mirrored_strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy(devices=["/gpu:0", "/gpu:1"])

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1')

If you wish to override the cross device communication, you can do so using the cross_device_ops argument by supplying an instance of tf.distribute.CrossDeviceOps. Currently, tf.distribute.HierarchicalCopyAllReduce and tf.distribute.ReductionToOneDevice are two options other than tf.distribute.NcclAllReduce, which is the default.

mirrored_strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy(
    cross_device_ops=tf.distribute.HierarchicalCopyAllReduce())

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:2', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:3')

TPUStrategy

tf.distribute.TPUStrategy lets you run your TensorFlow training on Tensor Processing Units (TPUs). TPUs are Google's specialized ASICs designed to dramatically accelerate machine learning workloads. They are available on Google Colab, the TPU Research Cloud, and Cloud TPU.

In terms of distributed training architecture, TPUStrategy is the same MirroredStrategy—it implements synchronous distributed training. TPUs provide their own implementation of efficient all-reduce and other collective operations across multiple TPU cores, which are used in TPUStrategy.

Here is how you would instantiate TPUStrategy:

cluster_resolver = tf.distribute.cluster_resolver.TPUClusterResolver(
    tpu=tpu_address)
tf.config.experimental_connect_to_cluster(cluster_resolver)
tf.tpu.experimental.initialize_tpu_system(cluster_resolver)
tpu_strategy = tf.distribute.TPUStrategy(cluster_resolver)

The TPUClusterResolver instance helps locate the TPUs. In Colab, you don't need to specify any arguments to it.

If you want to use this for Cloud TPUs:

  • You must specify the name of your TPU resource in the tpu argument.
  • You must initialize the TPU system explicitly at the start of the program. This is required before TPUs can be used for computation. Initializing the TPU system also wipes out the TPU memory, so it's important to complete this step first in order to avoid losing state.

MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy

tf.distribute.MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy is very similar to MirroredStrategy. It implements synchronous distributed training across multiple workers, each with potentially multiple GPUs. Similar to tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy, it creates copies of all variables in the model on each device across all workers.

Here is the simplest way of creating MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy:

strategy = tf.distribute.MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy()

WARNING:tensorflow:Collective ops is not configured at program startup. Some performance features may not be enabled.
INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/device:GPU:0', '/device:GPU:1', '/device:GPU:2', '/device:GPU:3')
INFO:tensorflow:Single-worker MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy with local_devices = ('/device:GPU:0', '/device:GPU:1', '/device:GPU:2', '/device:GPU:3'), communication = CommunicationImplementation.AUTO

MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy has two implementations for cross-device communications. CommunicationImplementation.RING is RPC-based and supports both CPUs and GPUs. CommunicationImplementation.NCCL uses NCCL and provides state-of-art performance on GPUs but it doesn't support CPUs. CollectiveCommunication.AUTO defers the choice to Tensorflow. You can specify them in the following way:

communication_options = tf.distribute.experimental.CommunicationOptions(
    implementation=tf.distribute.experimental.CommunicationImplementation.NCCL)
strategy = tf.distribute.MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy(
    communication_options=communication_options)

WARNING:tensorflow:Collective ops is not configured at program startup. Some performance features may not be enabled.
INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/device:GPU:0', '/device:GPU:1', '/device:GPU:2', '/device:GPU:3')
INFO:tensorflow:Single-worker MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy with local_devices = ('/device:GPU:0', '/device:GPU:1', '/device:GPU:2', '/device:GPU:3'), communication = CommunicationImplementation.NCCL

One of the key differences to get multi worker training going, as compared to multi-GPU training, is the multi-worker setup. The 'TF_CONFIG' environment variable is the standard way in TensorFlow to specify the cluster configuration to each worker that is part of the cluster. Learn more in the setting up TF_CONFIG section of this document.

For more details about MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy, consider the following tutorials:

ParameterServerStrategy

Parameter server training is a common data-parallel method to scale up model training on multiple machines. A parameter server training cluster consists of workers and parameter servers. Variables are created on parameter servers and they are read and updated by workers in each step. Check out the Parameter server training tutorial for details.

In TensorFlow 2, parameter server training uses a central coordinator-based architecture via the tf.distribute.experimental.coordinator.ClusterCoordinator class.

In this implementation, the worker and parameter server tasks run tf.distribute.Servers that listen for tasks from the coordinator. The coordinator creates resources, dispatches training tasks, writes checkpoints, and deals with task failures.

In the programming running on the coordinator, you will use a ParameterServerStrategy object to define a training step and use a ClusterCoordinator to dispatch training steps to remote workers. Here is the simplest way to create them:

strategy = tf.distribute.experimental.ParameterServerStrategy(
    tf.distribute.cluster_resolver.TFConfigClusterResolver(),
    variable_partitioner=variable_partitioner)
coordinator = tf.distribute.experimental.coordinator.ClusterCoordinator(
    strategy)

To learn more about ParameterServerStrategy, check out the Parameter server training with Keras Model.fit and a custom training loop tutorial.

In TensorFlow 1, ParameterServerStrategy is available only with an Estimator via tf.compat.v1.distribute.experimental.ParameterServerStrategy symbol.

CentralStorageStrategy

tf.distribute.experimental.CentralStorageStrategy does synchronous training as well. Variables are not mirrored, instead they are placed on the CPU and operations are replicated across all local GPUs. If there is only one GPU, all variables and operations will be placed on that GPU.

Create an instance of CentralStorageStrategy by:

central_storage_strategy = tf.distribute.experimental.CentralStorageStrategy()

INFO:tensorflow:ParameterServerStrategy (CentralStorageStrategy if you are using a single machine) with compute_devices = ['/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:2', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:3'], variable_device = '/device:CPU:0'

This will create a CentralStorageStrategy instance which will use all visible GPUs and CPU. Update to variables on replicas will be aggregated before being applied to variables.

Other strategies

In addition to the above strategies, there are two other strategies which might be useful for prototyping and debugging when using tf.distribute APIs.

Default Strategy

The Default Strategy is a distribution strategy which is present when no explicit distribution strategy is in scope. It implements the tf.distribute.Strategy interface but is a pass-through and provides no actual distribution. For instance, Strategy.run(fn) will simply call fn. Code written using this strategy should behave exactly as code written without any strategy. You can think of it as a "no-op" strategy.

The Default Strategy is a singleton—and one cannot create more instances of it. It can be obtained using tf.distribute.get_strategy outside any explicit strategy's scope (the same API that can be used to get the current strategy inside an explicit strategy's scope).

default_strategy = tf.distribute.get_strategy()

This strategy serves two main purposes:

# In optimizer or other library code
# Get currently active strategy
strategy = tf.distribute.get_strategy()
strategy.reduce("SUM", 1., axis=None)  # reduce some values

1.0
  • Similar to library code, it can be used to write end users' programs to work with and without distribution strategy, without requiring conditional logic. Here's a sample code snippet illustrating this:
if tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU'):
  strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()
else:  # Use the Default Strategy
  strategy = tf.distribute.get_strategy()

with strategy.scope():
  # Do something interesting
  print(tf.Variable(1.))

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:2', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:3')
MirroredVariable:{
  0: <tf.Variable 'Variable:0' shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=1.0>,
  1: <tf.Variable 'Variable/replica_1:0' shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=1.0>,
  2: <tf.Variable 'Variable/replica_2:0' shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=1.0>,
  3: <tf.Variable 'Variable/replica_3:0' shape=() dtype=float32, numpy=1.0>
}

OneDeviceStrategy

tf.distribute.OneDeviceStrategy is a strategy to place all variables and computation on a single specified device.

strategy = tf.distribute.OneDeviceStrategy(device="/gpu:0")

This strategy is distinct from the Default Strategy in a number of ways. In the Default Strategy, the variable placement logic remains unchanged when compared to running TensorFlow without any distribution strategy. But when using OneDeviceStrategy, all variables created in its scope are explicitly placed on the specified device. Moreover, any functions called via OneDeviceStrategy.run will also be placed on the specified device.

Input distributed through this strategy will be prefetched to the specified device. In the Default Strategy, there is no input distribution.

Similar to the Default Strategy, this strategy could also be used to test your code before switching to other strategies which actually distribute to multiple devices/machines. This will exercise the distribution strategy machinery somewhat more than the Default Strategy, but not to the full extent of using, for example, MirroredStrategy or TPUStrategy. If you want code that behaves as if there is no strategy, then use the Default Strategy.

So far you've learned about different strategies and how you can instantiate them. The next few sections show the different ways in which you can use them to distribute your training.

Use tf.distribute.Strategy with Keras Model.fit

tf.distribute.Strategy is integrated into tf.keras, which is TensorFlow's implementation of the Keras API specification. tf.keras is a high-level API to build and train models. By integrating into the tf.keras backend, it's seamless for you to distribute your training written in the Keras training framework using Model.fit.

Here's what you need to change in your code:

  1. Create an instance of the appropriate tf.distribute.Strategy.
  2. Move the creation of Keras model, optimizer and metrics inside strategy.scope. Thus the code in the model's call(), train_step(), and test_step() methods will all be distributed and executed on the accelerator(s).

TensorFlow distribution strategies support all types of Keras models—Sequential, Functional, and subclassed

Here is a snippet of code to do this for a very simple Keras model with one Dense layer:

mirrored_strategy = tf.distribute.MirroredStrategy()

with mirrored_strategy.scope():
  model = tf.keras.Sequential([
      tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, input_shape=(1,),
                            kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.L2(1e-4))])
  model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='sgd')

INFO:tensorflow:Using MirroredStrategy with devices ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:0', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:1', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:2', '/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:GPU:3')
/tmpfs/src/tf_docs_env/lib/python3.9/site-packages/keras/src/layers/core/dense.py:87: UserWarning: Do not pass an `input_shape`/`input_dim` argument to a layer. When using Sequential models, prefer using an `Input(shape)` object as the first layer in the model instead.
  super().__init__(activity_regularizer=activity_regularizer, **kwargs)

This example uses MirroredStrategy, so you can run this on a machine with multiple GPUs. strategy.scope() indicates to Keras which strategy to use to distribute the training. Creating models/optimizers/metrics inside this scope allows you to create distributed variables instead of regular variables. Once this is set up, you can fit your model like you would normally. MirroredStrategy takes care of replicating the model's training on the available GPUs, aggregating gradients, and more.

dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensors(([1.], [1.])).repeat(100).batch(10)
model.fit(dataset, epochs=2)
model.evaluate(dataset)

Epoch 1/2
10/10 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1s 4ms/step - loss: 0.0015
Epoch 2/2
10/10 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 0s 3ms/step - loss: 7.0200e-04  
10/10 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 1s 3ms/step - loss: 4.2109e-04
0.00042108571506105363

Here a tf.data.Dataset provides the training and eval input. You can also use NumPy arrays:

import numpy as np

inputs, targets = np.ones((100, 1)), np.ones((100, 1))
model.fit(inputs, targets, epochs=2, batch_size=10)

Epoch 1/2
10/10 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 0s 3ms/step - loss: 3.6834e-04  
Epoch 2/2
10/10 ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 0s 3ms/step - loss: 2.2087e-04
<keras.src.callbacks.history.History at 0x7f09c83f1670>

In both cases—with Dataset or NumPy—each batch of the given input is divided equally among the multiple replicas. For instance, if you are using the MirroredStrategy with 2 GPUs, each batch of size 10 will be divided among the 2 GPUs, with each receiving 5 input examples in each step. Each epoch will then train faster as you add more GPUs. Typically, you would want to increase your batch size as you add more accelerators, so as to make effective use of the extra computing power. You will also need to re-tune your learning rate, depending on the model. You can use strategy.num_replicas_in_sync to get the number of replicas.

mirrored_strategy.num_replicas_in_sync

4

# Compute a global batch size using a number of replicas.
BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA = 5
global_batch_size = (BATCH_SIZE_PER_REPLICA *
                     mirrored_strategy.num_replicas_in_sync)
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensors(([1.], [1.])).repeat(100)
dataset = dataset.batch(global_batch_size)

LEARNING_RATES_BY_BATCH_SIZE = {5: 0.1, 10: 0.15, 20:0.175}
learning_rate = LEARNING_RATES_BY_BATCH_SIZE[global_batch_size]

What's supported now?

Training API MirroredStrategy TPUStrategy MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy ParameterServerStrategy CentralStorageStrategy
Keras Model.fit Supported Supported Supported Experimental support Experimental support

Examples and tutorials

Here is a list of tutorials and examples that illustrate the above integration end-to-end with Keras Model.fit:

  1. Tutorial: Training with Model.fit and MirroredStrategy.
  2. Tutorial: Training with Model.fit and MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy.
  3. Guide: Contains an example of using Model.fit and TPUStrategy.
  4. Tutorial: Parameter server training with Model.fit and ParameterServerStrategy.
  5. Tutorial: Fine-tuning BERT for many tasks from the GLUE benchmark with Model.fit and TPUStrategy.
  6. TensorFlow Model Garden repository containing collections of state-of-the-art models implemented using various strategies.

Use tf.distribute.Strategy with custom training loops

As demonstrated above, using tf.distribute.Strategy with Keras Model.fit requires changing only a couple lines of your code. With a little more effort, you can also use tf.distribute.Strategy with custom training loops.

If you need more flexibility and control over your training loops than is possible with Estimator or Keras, you can write custom training loops. For instance, when using a GAN, you may want to take a different number of generator or discriminator steps each round. Similarly, the high level frameworks are not very suitable for Reinforcement Learning training.

The tf.distribute.Strategy classes provide a core set of methods to support custom training loops. Using these may require minor restructuring of the code initially, but once that is done, you should be able to switch between GPUs, TPUs, and multiple machines simply by changing the strategy instance.

Below is a brief snippet illustrating this use case for a simple training example using the same Keras model as before.

First, create the model and optimizer inside the strategy's scope. This ensures that any variables created with the model and optimizer are mirrored variables.

with mirrored_strategy.scope():
  model = tf.keras.Sequential([
      tf.keras.layers.Dense(1, input_shape=(1,),
                            kernel_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.L2(1e-4))])
  optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD()

Next, create the input dataset and call tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset to distribute the dataset based on the strategy.

dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensors(([1.], [1.])).repeat(1000).batch(
    global_batch_size)
dist_dataset = mirrored_strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset(dataset)

Then, define one step of the training. Use tf.GradientTape to compute gradients and optimizer to apply those gradients to update your model's variables. To distribute this training step, put it in a function train_step and pass it to tf.distribute.Strategy.run along with the dataset inputs you got from the dist_dataset created before:

# Sets `reduction=NONE` to leave it to tf.nn.compute_average_loss() below.
loss_object = tf.keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(
  from_logits=True,
  reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.NONE)

def train_step(inputs):
  features, labels = inputs

  with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
    predictions = model(features, training=True)
    per_example_loss = loss_object(labels, predictions)
    loss = tf.nn.compute_average_loss(per_example_loss)
    model_losses = model.losses
    if model_losses:
      loss += tf.nn.scale_regularization_loss(tf.add_n(model_losses))

  gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)
  optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))
  return loss

@tf.function
def distributed_train_step(dist_inputs):
  per_replica_losses = mirrored_strategy.run(train_step, args=(dist_inputs,))
  return mirrored_strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_losses,
                         axis=None)

A few other things to note in the code above:

  1. You used tf.nn.compute_average_loss to reduce the per-example prediction losses to a scalar. tf.nn.compute_average_loss sums the per example loss and divides the sum by the global batch size. This is important because later after the gradients are calculated on each replica, they are aggregated across the replicas by summing them.

    By default, the global batch size is taken to be tf.get_strategy().num_replicas_in_sync * tf.shape(per_example_loss)[0]. It can also be specified explicitly as a keyword argument global_batch_size=. Without short batches, the default is equivalent to tf.nn.compute_average_loss(..., global_batch_size=global_batch_size) with the global_batch_size defined above. (For more on short batches and how to avoid or handle them, see the Custom Training tutorial.)

  2. You used tf.nn.scale_regularization_loss to scale regularization losses registered with the Model object, if any, by 1/num_replicas_in_sync as well. For those regularization losses that are input-dependent, it falls on the modeling code, not the custom training loop, to perform the averaging over the per-replica(!) batch size; that way the modeling code can remain agnostic of replication while the training loop remains agnostic of how regularization losses are computed.

  3. When you call apply_gradients within a distribution strategy scope, its behavior is modified. Specifically, before applying gradients on each parallel instance during synchronous training, it performs a sum-over-all-replicas of the gradients.

  4. You also used the tf.distribute.Strategy.reduce API to aggregate the results returned by tf.distribute.Strategy.run for reporting. tf.distribute.Strategy.run returns results from each local replica in the strategy, and there are multiple ways to consume this result. You can reduce them to get an aggregated value. You can also do tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_local_results to get the list of values contained in the result, one per local replica.

Finally, once you have defined the training step, you can iterate over dist_dataset and run the training in a loop:

for dist_inputs in dist_dataset:
  print(distributed_train_step(dist_inputs))

INFO:tensorflow:Reduce to /job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0 then broadcast to ('/job:localhost/replica:0/task:0/device:CPU:0',).
tf.Tensor(0.29947755, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2991433, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29880974, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29847682, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29814446, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2978128, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29748178, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2971514, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29682156, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29649243, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2961639, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.295836, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29550874, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29518208, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29485607, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2945307, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2942059, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2938817, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29355815, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2932352, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29291287, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29259112, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29226997, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29194948, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29162955, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29131028, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29099157, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2906735, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29035598, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.29003906, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2897228, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28940707, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2890919, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2887774, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28846347, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28815013, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28783742, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28752527, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28721365, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28690264, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28659227, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28628245, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28597325, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28566453, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28535643, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28504893, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28474197, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28443557, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28412983, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28382456, shape=(), dtype=float32)

In the example above, you iterated over the dist_dataset to provide input to your training. You are also provided with the tf.distribute.Strategy.make_experimental_numpy_dataset to support NumPy inputs. You can use this API to create a dataset before calling tf.distribute.Strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset.

Another way of iterating over your data is to explicitly use iterators. You may want to do this when you want to run for a given number of steps as opposed to iterating over the entire dataset. The above iteration would now be modified to first create an iterator and then explicitly call next on it to get the input data.

iterator = iter(dist_dataset)
for _ in range(10):
  print(distributed_train_step(next(iterator)))

tf.Tensor(0.2835199, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2832158, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28291225, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28260925, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28230688, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28200498, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.28170374, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.281403, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2811028, shape=(), dtype=float32)
tf.Tensor(0.2808032, shape=(), dtype=float32)

This covers the simplest case of using tf.distribute.Strategy API to distribute custom training loops.

What's supported now?

Training API MirroredStrategy TPUStrategy MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy ParameterServerStrategy CentralStorageStrategy
Custom training loop Supported Supported Supported Experimental support Experimental support

Examples and tutorials

Here are some examples for using distribution strategies with custom training loops:

  1. Tutorial: Training with a custom training loop and MirroredStrategy.
  2. Tutorial: Training with a custom training loop and MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy.
  3. Guide: Contains an example of a custom training loop with TPUStrategy.
  4. Tutorial: Parameter server training with a custom training loop and ParameterServerStrategy.
  5. TensorFlow Model Garden repository containing collections of state-of-the-art models implemented using various strategies.

Other topics

This section covers some topics that are relevant to multiple use cases.

Setting up the TF_CONFIG environment variable

For multi-worker training, as mentioned before, you need to set up the 'TF_CONFIG' environment variable for each binary running in your cluster. The 'TF_CONFIG' environment variable is a JSON string which specifies what tasks constitute a cluster, their addresses and each task's role in the cluster. The tensorflow/ecosystem repo provides a Kubernetes template, which sets up 'TF_CONFIG' for your training tasks.

There are two components of 'TF_CONFIG': a cluster and a task.

  • A cluster provides information about the training cluster, which is a dict consisting of different types of jobs such as workers. In multi-worker training, there is usually one worker that takes on a little more responsibility like saving checkpoint and writing summary file for TensorBoard in addition to what a regular worker does. Such worker is referred to as the "chief" worker, and it is customary that the worker with index 0 is appointed as the chief worker (in fact this is how tf.distribute.Strategy is implemented).
  • A task on the other hand provides information about the current task. The first component cluster is the same for all workers, and the second component task is different on each worker and specifies the type and index of that worker.

One example of 'TF_CONFIG' is:

os.environ["TF_CONFIG"] = json.dumps({
    "cluster": {
        "worker": ["host1:port", "host2:port", "host3:port"],
        "ps": ["host4:port", "host5:port"]
    },
   "task": {"type": "worker", "index": 1}
})

This 'TF_CONFIG' specifies that there are three workers and two "ps" tasks in the "cluster" along with their hosts and ports. The "task" part specifies the role of the current task in the "cluster"—worker 1 (the second worker). Valid roles in a cluster are "chief", "worker", "ps", and "evaluator". There should be no "ps" job except when using tf.distribute.experimental.ParameterServerStrategy.

What's next?

tf.distribute.Strategy is actively under development. Try it out and provide your feedback using GitHub issues.